1 10 14 https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/5a04ec082979ba3c535c9db8c76d03dc.pdf bffec0af40d263439a92ac80cd689fa5 https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/dcbdebb4197b32c3972ec054d2724fea.pdf 80d8c78618239d8e98f9d861966103fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Black Clergyman to the Headquarters of the Washington D.C., Freedmen’s Bureau Assistant Commissioner Smith fieald VA Jen the 27th 1866 I was travling In Anaplaus Marland In may 1855 — I prechd In the M E church Mr Samyel E devall [?] came and tuck me home to his house 3 miles and A haff from Amaplas In that time his wife and him prasuaded me to Leve Baltimore and he wood give me graund to Bild A house on In Anaplas Neck South River fary from 55 to 57. In march I was macking up my mind wather to go are not In march I Left Baltimore and came to anaplas And give Mr devalve 65 Dalors to By the Lamber fore my house from Mr AgleHart I Bought the Lambar from him Mr devalve Im plaid Hilley Willson colard to Bild the house fore me In July 1857 I movd from Baltimore to Anaplas In my one [own] house I thair Livd comfortable fore 3 yeairs In the year 1861 the atharateys starped mee from preching And in Auguest 1862 I was A Rested and put in Prison fore preching then my house was sarched By Mr devalves 2 sons Trenton and hary devalves Ha[ry?] destraded my papers and A counts I Lade in prison an till febury the 3th 1863 I was tackon to the court house and thair sold out fore 15 yeairs fore Biding me not to cross the Lines of marland the witsnaces to theas things are Rev John H Brice Metilda Edwards cathrin Blackson the cost of my House was /aa 47 Dalors Independent of my sha[rt?] that my son Bilt Laid A Benjman Howrd Plantaff Amelia Howard [different handwriting] make a careful abstract of this for file C — Reply who addesses to Lloyd Howard — No 4 Eutaw Court Balto, Md — Benjman Howrd to [C. H. Howard?], 27 Jan. 1866, Letters Received, ser. 453, DC Asst. Comr., RG 105 [A-9745]. General C.H. Howard included a summary of Benjmin Howard’s account in a May 18, 1866 report to the headquarters of the Freedmen’s Bureau in Washington, D.C. detailing “cases of outrages and assaults committed upon Colored Churches and Schools.” There is no indication of any further action in the case. (Brig. Gen’l C.H.Howard to Lieut F.A. Sladen, 18 May 1866, C-173 1866, Letters Received, ser. 15, Washington Hdqrs., RG 105 [A-9713].) According to Section 7 of “An Act Relating to Free Negroes and Slaves” passed by the 1831-1832 session of the Maryland General Assembly, “it shall not be lawful for any free negro or negroes, slave or slaves, to assemble or attend any meetings for religious purposes, unless conducted by a white licensed or ordained preacher or some respectable white person or persons of the neighborhood… and if any such meeting shall be held without being conducted as aforesaid, they shall be considered as unlawful and tumultuous meetings, and it shall be the duty of the nearest constable, or any other civil officer knowing of such meetings, either from his own knowledge or the information of others, to repair to such meeting, and disperse the said negroes or slaves.” Although the law treated Black religious assemblies without white supervision as illegal, Section 7 stipulated that “nothing contained in this act shall be construed to prevent the assemblage, within the limits of Baltimore city and Annapolis city, of such slaves, or free negroes and mulattoes for the purpose of religious worship, if said meetings are held in compliance with the written permission of a white licensed ordained preacher, and dismissed before ten o’clock at night.” According to Section 8, any Black Marylanders “found associating, or in any company with slaves, at any unlawful or tumultuous meeting… such free negro or mulatto shall be subject to the same punishment, and be liable in every respect to the same treatment and penalty as slaves thus offending.” Finally, Section 12 stipulated that if the penalty for these crimes fell short of capital punishment, free Black Marylanders found guilty of violating the act might “be banished from this state by transportation into some foreign country.” (An Act relating to Free Negroes and Slaves, 14 Mar. 1832, Laws Made and Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland [Annapolis, Md., 1832], chapter 323.) Amelia Howard, listed by Benjman as “Plantaff” in his letter, filed a similar complaint with the headquarters of the Middle Department in 1864. Her undated testimony alleged that on May 9, 1862, she, “Matilda Edwards and Kitty Blackson, were setting down on the shore at Mr. Duvall's shucking oysters, and talking about Mr. Lincoln, the war and the emancipation which was to take place in 1864” when “Mr. Duvall rode up in our midst and overheard me say that Mr. Lincoln was the men that God [h]ad ordained to set the Etheopian free.” Duvall then crafted charges against her, and “made his son Vinton Duvall take a false oath that [she] was persuading his two men servants Jerry and Pompey [to run] away.” The testimony eventually led to a conviction, after which she was “sold at the Court House to go out of the State to stay away for 15 years.” Not only was she wrongfully imprisoned and sold, Amelia Howard alleged, but Duvall “has taken away my house and all my property, the ground which the house is built on he gave me for my lifetime, he has also taken and if not destroyed, he will not give up my free papers, my bills and receipts, and the contract of my house which he gave me himself of his own hand writing, signed with the consent of his wife Elizabeth Duvall.” (Testimony of Amelia Howard, [1864?], in Communication from Major Gen’l Lew. Wallace, in Relation to the Freedmen’s Bureau, to the General Assembly of Maryland [Annapolis, Md., 1865], pp. 94-95.) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. A-9745 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1/27/1866 Description An account of the resource Benjman Howard, apparently intended for D.C. Assistant Commissioner C. H. Howard, reporting that he had been a preacher in Annapolis and bought a house there in 1857. Was arrested in 1862 for preaching and jailed until Feb. 1863 when he was sold away as punishment for 15 years with a mandate to never return to the state of MD. Title A name given to the resource Free Black pastor Benjman Howard reports on having been arrested and sold by the state of Maryland for preaching Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ann Arundel Co, MD Black ministers Free people of color incarceration property ownership https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/011a9cc73738ddf7c3cec73cf227b5d8.pdf a474978bbda369d7b6415189715b81ca https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/aecd061f35374a62960ea0bec13b0276.pdf b278e6829f68f987f8c66b82af8f9078 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Reports to Headquarters of the Middle Department from a Black Recruiting Agent and Colonel Bowman Balto July 6th/64 Sir. At a conversation, about the 26th of June with General Wallace at that time General Wallace stated that the most effectual mode of procuring recruits was the expeditions in the country among the rebels, where they were in abundance, for the Army of the United States; and at that time written a communication to Col. Bowman, favoring this scheme with his approbation, and ,et the Col.s views, and the Colonel then orderd the preparations to go on, which expedition set out a few days after, to Middle River Neck to procure all the recruits, either free or slave, by their own volition and admission, when the necessary questions were propounded to them. Are you loyal men to the Government--? Are you willing to be in obedience to the call of the President for colored volunteers to put down the rebellion, and to exterminate the Rebels, so that you will be free men those of you that are slaves, and receive $100 Bounty and $40 worth of clothing, and your freedom, and be men, as other men, enjoying all the rights and privileges under the Government, that can be granted to you. If free men, they will receive $300 Bounty, $200 cash and $100 in monthly installments until the whole $300 is paid, with wages and clothes as above mentioned. To all of which they answer, they are willing and would be glad to go, if their masters could not get them back. I assured them their masters could not take them back, if they were competent on examination to bear arms, and that their masters would be paid for them. They then offered the objection that they were to be made breastworks off, and to be put in the front, that the Government was deceiving them in the promise of bounty, wages, and freedom, and that they could be brought back again if they ran away. But as soon as we removed all these impressions, the men assented and said they would cheerfully, willingly go, in the presence of their rebel masters and mistresses. Some of their masters who were much attached to their slaves were unwilling to believe that they had assented, until they questioned them in the presence of Lieut. Frick; and other witnesses whom we have. Some of them were told by their masters to make themselves either younger or older than the required age, as the case might be By a close investigation we ascertained this fact.-- That strong active men of 21 had been represented as being only 16, and that strong healthy men of 40 had been represented as being 50 years old, and they were apprized that we were expected there and they were to make use of this deception to frustrate our object. One of their masters, called them on one side and told them they should be free as soon as they got to Baltimore, but they refused to rely on their master's promises any longer, and said they were willing to join the Union Army. If permitted to go in the Rebel camps, that is to say that part of the country which is wholly occupied by the rebels, we can get a thousand men in 30 days, strong, hearty, able-bodied men who wish to go, and only want the opportunity. As a specimen of that class of people we can get, we have now at Camp Birney, 14 fine, hearty-looking men, who are all cheerful and willing to go, and nothing could change their minds; except two, who are disappointed after giving their consent to embark in the army, and who thought the doctors would not pass them and they would be rejected. They said they would enter the army if their health permitted them, thinking they would be rejected. I saw them yesterday, on the 4th and conversed with them. They desired to go upon the next expedition, saying that they knew where plenty of men could be found, and that they would bring, by their appearance in uniform. the men around them like bees to the hive. The names are as follows.-- Age Residence Winfield Scott 20 Balto Co Slave Elias Dosey 20 " " free Sandy Bias 22 " " " Jerome Preston 33 " " Slave Thomas Preston 19 " " " Henry Preston 20 " " " Elias Allinder 23 " " " Jacob Lee 21 " " " John Jackson 19 " " free Damon Brown 43 " " " Emory Walker 19 " " Slave George Linch 36 " " free Jos Griffith 24 " " " Andrew Brown Slave The witnesses are as follows, who will corroborate the whole statement. Lieut. Frick. U.S.A. Recruiting officer, B. M. Hawley, Henry Carrol, and, in addition, several soldiers that were present and will testify to the whole conversations. I remain Your Obd't Serv't G. A. Hackett No 24 Holliday St [Baltimore, Md.] June 30 [1864]. General I have the honor to acknowledge the rect of your note of this PM papers enclosed, which I have not examined. I have been all day busy with the subject. As you know I hesitated about the expedition complained of, and but for your note by the black man Hackett I would not have allowed it to go out. But I am satisfied if you will just give me a few days at it, the thing will all evaporate. I have seen the recruits all, in the presence of complainants and only two out of 14 have expressed any desire to go back. I will not send them away, and if you say so, you can see them all yourself. I understand these people very well. Three of the men of whom most complaint is made declared they did not wish to be released, and two of them are very superior black men, almost white. I will send out no more parties. Very respy Yr obt st. S. M. Bowman G. A. Hackett to Col. Lawrence, 6 July 1864, H-162 1864, Letters Received, ser. 2343 Middle Dept. and 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4137]; Col. S. M. Bowman to Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace, 30 June 1864, B-309 1864, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. and 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4l32]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Black recruiter explains that enslaved Marylanders want to join the Union Army, but only if they are paid and treated equitably Description An account of the resource G.A. Hackett to Col. Lawrence (AAG) relating his experiences in recruiting Black soldiers (slave and free) in and around the area of Middle River, Baltimore County. Following up on Gen. Wallace’s advice that recruiting expeditions should take place among the rebel slaveholders, Hackett discovers that slaves were eager to join the Union army. But only after assurances that they would not be used as breast-work, that the government wouldn’t deceive them concerning wages and that they would not be returned to their masters. Hackett declares that, ’’Some of their masters who were much attached to their slaves, were unwilling to believe that they had assented (to enlistment), until they question them in the presence of Lt. Frick...” "Some of them were told by their masters to make themselves either younger or older than the required age, as the case may be." "One of their masters called them to one side and told them they should be free as soon as they got to Baltimore." "But they refused to rely on their master’s promises any longer.” Page four of the letter contains a list of fourteen slaves and freemen who enlisted. Hackett talked to some Black recruits who declare that, "plenty of men could be found, and that they would bring, by their appearance in uniform the men around them like bees to the hive." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/6/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Baltimore Co, MD bureaucracy military discrimination recruitment slavery https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/49129917dbfefb0ad162227b3915c61f.pdf 5e39ad9df096eca693d9c9bd2437cd0f https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/33cb1ecd77c93dc40510676d9bfc3e89.pdf 5b8372c4b23e5672cc05659bd8d418c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Black Surgeon to the Middle Department Commander Balt [Md.] Jan 20/65 General, I have the honor to lay before you a disability that the colored people have to labor under, in travelling between this City and Washington Which I am of the opinion if you will be kind enough to call the attention of the President of the Balt and Ohio to, will be removed. The company exacts of colored passengers the same fare it does for White, and then huddles them together in the front car with all sorts of persons, where smoking of pipes and segars continue all the time, and where they are subject to insults. It makes no differece how respectable a colored lady may be; how disagreable smoking may be to her; or how ill she might be, the Employees about the depot will not permit her to enter any other car, and should she by chance get into another and is found there, she is rudely thrust out The following occurence took place with me to day. I accompanied my wife and another lady to the depot, that they might take the three thirty train for Washington and procured their tickets, after which they entered a car, when a man whom I learned to be one John Wright, followed them, and compelled them to leave that car under the penalty of being put off the train, and go into the front one, where they were nearly stiffled, by the fumes of tabacco. They were obliged at the risk of taking cold, to hoist the window in order to breathe. In fact they both felt quite sick. Just behind them sat two rough white men, who indulged in insulting langange. I appealed to the ticket agent and he said had nothing to do with the cars. I then spoke to a person by the name of Showacre whose duty it is to superintend the seating of passengers, and he stated that, that was the only car colored persons could ride in. Lastly, I appealed to the Conductor, and he said the President made the rules and they had to carry them out Now General, I submit that it is unfair for the company to practice such an outrage upon us, and I most respectfully claim your protection in the premises, as a United States Officer. Nor is that the only company that pactices these impositions upon us, for all others, whose trains leave the city, does the same. At the Baltimore and Philadelphia depot there are certain trains in which they will not allow colored persons go on at all. Notwithstanding, their business may be ever so urgent. Another great inconvenience is, they refuse to sell them through tickets to New York, thereby often times putting them to an extra expence, and detaining them in Philadelphia from ten to twelve hours. Should a strange colored person not acquainted with these regulations, come there at the hours, which they are not permitted to go on, a policeman is standing by backed up by the Provost guard to put him out Only a few weeks since an altercation took place at the Washington depot, and I apprehend that unless a stop is put to these outrages, a serious difficulty may occur. Hoping General, you will use your good offices to remove these unjust rules, I remain Your obedient Servant A. T. Augusta. Surgeon A. T. Augusta to Major General L. Wallace, 20 Jan. 1865, A-63 1865, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. and 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4147]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A.T. Augusta (surgeon, 7th USCT) to Maj. Gen. Lewis Wallace (cmdg Middle Department & 8th Army Corps) alleging that the Baltimore & Ohio R.R. charges Black passengers the same fare yet forces them into the front car of the train, which is filled with tobacco smoke and all sorts of people. "It makes no difference how respectable a colored lady may be; how disagreable smoking may be to her; or how ill she might be, the employees about the depot will not permit her to enter another car, and should she by chance get into another and is found there, she is rudely thrust out." Gives exmample of his wife and another Black woman expelled from their car and forced into the smoking car. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1/20/1865 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Baltimore, MD Title A name given to the resource Black Surgeon Alexander Augusta writes about the discrimination his wife endured on the train from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. Black leaders (doctors) Black officer Black soldiers segregation women https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/3377056fa16a7755e2868fcb84680229.pdf d8dbefb69506c69de01f1ac8fefd877e https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/018cdb1d19d0ba02d7117940cd53fdb2.pdf f46343930fb1dea160d8c66839b2751d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Black residents of Baltimore to the Secretary of War Baltimore [Md.] May 31st 1865 Honibl Edwin M, Stanton War departement Washington, D,C, Sir I have the Honor to reporte that in obedience to the general requeste of the Colord Peple of this City for the Maryland Institute or the temples temple for a lecture by Fredrick Dougles of the State of New York, for the purpos of procuring money to convey the body of a lady to Culpeper Count House Va. We have Maid an aplication the boards of manigars for Eaither of the Halls but thay have denied us, & refuse to let the Halls to Colord ordniance. the objection is this Simpley say the Colord [ordneise?] will geather on the Street in front of the Halls & Stop the way of the Street is all the Excuse thay make or give. sir The Colord Class have had the Hall before the war was Ended & why can they not have the use of them Now as well as before. sir I aske you to Assiste us in the matter if I am not interferring with rival wrights & if I am you will Please Excuse me for so doing, sir I thik it is predickss against the Colord men. or other Words a gainst the Colord nattion, the bord of manigers have at this time is the only reasion I can assine for the present. sir the Colord men of this city have Assiste[d] in all the war and they ought to Have the wright of the Hall for sutch a case. the bord may have a wright of refusing the Colord Class from you as secatary of war. if so you will plese in form me of the facts, & the groun[d] to Which they have a wright to object to the Col[ord] people — Having a lecture in said Halls in Baltimor City, I will give a garientee of good order. you will state why the can not get the Hall. the Colord people are willing to Pay the price the manigers may want, and I can not see why they object in giving the Hall, I think the Colord Have a wright to the Hall as long as thay can pay for it. at time it may be vacated and for rent sir you will plese Decide this grate question. of disputee to which a letter from you can decide it at once, you will parden me if I am not wright in making apeal, to you as it is a question hear between us, the bord of manigars, respect[fu]lly yours obedient servent B. R. Hawley No 43, St, Paul, St Balto, Md; B. R. Hawley to Honible Edwin M, Stanton, 31 May 1865, H-775 1865, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. and 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4148]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black residents of Baltimore petition for redress after they are prevented from renting a concert hall to host a lecture by Frederick Douglass Description An account of the resource B.R. Hawley to Edwin M. Stanton (sec of war) writing that Black residents of Baltimore have been unable to rent either the Maryland Institute Hall or the Templers Hall for a lecture meeting at which the announced speaker was Frederick Douglass. The reason given for the refusal was that Black resdients would ather in the street in front of the hall. Hawley claims discrimination against Black residents of Baltimore and "against the colored nattion." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/1865 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Baltimore, MD Black leader Black politics discrimination segregation https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/34a7a78f7d5617ab0bee6a82aa2abc0b.pdf e12d04d8d5d8d754f0fa0f6d0733a8b7 https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/ae14faf88044e9fd32ef514d481dfe6c.pdf 580aab4b3c6df1de686dc02922eae23d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Commander of the Third Separate Brigade to the Headquarters of the Eighth Army Corps Head Q’rs 3d Sep Brig 8th A.C. Baltimore Md Nov 28th/64 Col:— I have just been waited on by the Lieut. Comd'g detachment at Havre-de-Grace who reports that the town authorities of that place are disposed to oppose the purpose of Fred. Douglas to deliver a lecture there some day this week, and asking for orders as a riot may ensue. Having myself heard this orator in this city, & believing his remarks eminently sensible & practical & calculated to do much good at this time, I have directed the Lieut. to oppose the intention of the town authorities, to support the lecturer in his purpose, and at all hazards to preserve the peace. Respectfully Yours Henry H Lockwood Brig General To Lieut. Col. Lawrence A A G 8th AC Brig General Henry H Lockwood to Lieut. Col. Lawrence, 28 Nov. 1864, Vol. 85/161, p. 100, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. and 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4147]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union officer orders local officials in Havre de Grace to permit Frederick Douglass to give a lecture there Description An account of the resource Brig. Gen. H.H. Lockwood to Lt. Col. Lawrence (AAAG) opposing intention of town authorities of Havre de Grace to prevent Frederick Douglass from speaking there. Says Douglass's speeches are sensible and would do much good. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/28/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Havre de Grace, Harford Co, MD Black leader Black politics local officials https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/3c7ea5698c81f9983bcb0967a9352e71.pdf 1d5772366c89625906a83a6e95e865fa https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/5bb5a59cf7e879040048efb79bb0b183.pdf 218103cac0a571cda3aaf672cd93748d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Summary of a Letter from a Black Parishioner to the Headquarters of the Washington, D.C. Freedmen’s Bureau Assistant Commissioner; Headquarters to a White Trustee of a Black Church; and the Assistant Superintendent of the Washington D.C. Freedmen’s Bureau to the Superintendent 3 / 12 [1867] 703, Lucket David — “Deposition” — States that they are prohibited from Holding services in their church at E.B. Vol. 1. No. 687. L.R. Vol. 1 No. 909. Oxen Hill, Md. Unless they have a white minister, — War Dept. Bureau R. F and A.L. Washington [D.C.] Feb. 24th 1866 Mr. Noyes Smith, Esq. Prince Geo. Md. Sir— Complaint has reached these Head Quarters that the colored people are prevented from worshiping in the church erected by them on their own land at Oxen Hill P. G. Co. by the society of which you are a trustee. You are therefore directed to appear at these Hd Quarters and state the reason for your action, in order that this Bureau may not be compelled to proceed further on an ex-parte statement— Respectfully &c By Order of Bvt. Brig Genl. C. H. Howard S. N. Clark Lt & A.A.A.G. Bureau R.F and A.L. Office Local Supt D.C. Washington. Mch 5” 1867, Beeb Jr. Lt col N M. Local Supt D.C. Colonel, I have the honor to State that the case referred to in communication dated Hd Qrs Ass’t Comr Bureau RF and A.L. Feby 28” 1867, (of which the enclosed are the original papers) was referred to me by Capt Wm Spurgin, Local Supt. D.C., on the 25” of Apr. 1866 for investigation and report My report was made to Capt Spurgin on the 8” of March 1866, and I supposed had been forwarded to the Ass’t Comr I have found the original papers. and I have the honor to submit. with them. my report. I visited Oxen Hill, Prince Geo. Co. Maryland. and from various Sources Elicited the following information, About the commencement of the year 1820, Revd Walter. D Addison set apart an acre of ground at Oxen Hill and by the aid of subscriptions from the neighboring Planters succeeded in erecting thereon a Church for the use of the Colored People in that neighborhood. That the said Church was occupied by them exclusively without molestation until the time of the “Nat Tyler,” Negro insurgency” in Maryland in the year 1852, when the legislature of Md made a Law, that the colored People should not be allowed to congregate on any occasion unless some white person should be present. From the Date of that Law. Noris Smith and others, (White) met with the colored People at the Church. Subsequently a white Clergyman was employed to preach when quite a number of White People came there to worship. Eventually the colored people were dispossed in a measure, The White portion of the congregation having made some improvements on the Church, and some additions to the Grounds, and in as much as colored Persons (under the existing laws of Maryland) could not hold real-Estate, and as no record of a deed for the original Acre of Ground, Can be found at the Clerks office of the County of Prince George, State of Maryland'. The White Trustees of the Church claim the property. They informed me that they were willing that the Colored People should attend the Church, but that a Colored Clergyman, should not ocupy the Pulpit. Very Respy Your obt Sevt J.W Vandenburgh Ass't Sup D.C. Summary of deposition of David Lucket, 21 Feb. 1866, vol. 1, p. 115, Registers of Letters Received, ser. 455, DC Asst. Comr., RG 105 [A-9940]; Lt. S.N. Clark to Noyes Smith Esq., 24 Feb. 1866, vol. 6, p. 244, Letters Sent, ser. 449, DC Asst. Comr., RG 105 [A-9940]; J. W. Vandenburgh to Lt. Col. N M. Beebe, 5 Mar. 1867, vol. 77, pp. 264-65, Letters Sent, ser. 542, DC and Georgetown Supt., RG 105 [A-9940]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White trustees of a Black church refuse to allow them to employ a Black pastor Description An account of the resource Several documents beginning with deposition of David Lucket, complaining that white trustees of church at Oxon Hill, MD prevent Black parishioners from employing a Black minister. Require a white one. The underlying reason for this requirement by white trustees, subsequent investigation shows, is the "Nat Tyler" insurrection of 1852. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/21/1866 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Oxen Hill, Prince George's County, MD Black church church property Free people of color https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/29198d9fc251cdba607dbfd9b6040988.pdf dd46464b733c76e3c7fe78db1a49cb88 https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/5a23185ef623ac86b81416b596c70e1a.pdf 116c381ce28e3da2c3c1cfa76f002e45 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Black Clergymen to the Secretary of War [Baltimore, Md., June 1, 1864] To the Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War: Dear Sir: Sometime since an order was issued by your Department, authorizing the Methodist Episcopal Church, North, to take possession of all Methodist Churches, South, formerly under the jurisdiction of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, over which no loyal minister, of said denomination, is presiding. The noble and Christian spirit which prompted such an order, encourages your petitioners to ask your consideration of a fact which is thought not to have been brought to your notice: to wit:— There exists in this Country a religious organization, known as the African M. E. Church, embracing a majority of all the Colored Methodists of the loyal States, having a membership of forty thousand, and five hundred itinerant ministers, also four Bishops, and a College near Xenia, Ohio. The aforementioned order virtually excludes us from a vast field of Christian labor among our brethren, whom we have long prayed to meet, and organize. It is conceded by all denominations that we are peculiarly adapted to their spiritual wants. Indeed under circumstances not the most favorable have we planted Churches in South Carolina, Virginia, Louisiana — Mississippi and Tennessee. Our devotion to the government as a denomination — the devotion of the Colored people to whom we represent, to the government we believe is appreciated by you, while it is equaled only by our desire to build Moral and Religious bulwarks around the millions of our people just now emerging into the sunlight of American freedom. We would now most respectfully ask that you will so modify the order granted to the Methodist Episcopal Church, North, as to authorize the African Methodist Episcopal Church to take possession of all Churches formerly belonging to the Methodist Church, South which were used by Colored Congregations before the commencement of the present rebellion, and such Churches as are now used mainly by Colored Methodists. We beg leave to state that we make this appeal in pursuance of a resolution passed by our last General Conference which was convened in the city of Philadelphia, May 1864. Hoping that this matter may commend itself to your favorable notice we are with highest regard and esteem, Your most obedient servants, A. W. Wayman D. A. Payne John M Brown M. F. Sluby James Lynch In behalf of General Conference of the A. M. E Church Baltimore Md June 1 1864 A. W. Wayman et al. to Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, 1 June 1864, W-1941 1864, Letters Received, RG 107 [L-53]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black pastors petition the Secretary of War to partner with the A.M.E. Church Description An account of the resource A.W. Wayman, D.A. Payne, John M. Brown, M.F. Stuby, & James Lynch to Edwin Stanton responding to Stanton's order authorizing the Methodist Episcopal Church to oversee all Southern Methodist Churches. Wayman et al. inform Stanton of the existence of AME church, the strength of its membership and ministers, and the readiness of the AME to assume control of the spiritual direction of Black Southerners. "The aforementioned order virtually excludes us from a vast field of Christian labor among our brethren, whom we have long payed to meet, and organize." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Baltimore, MD Black church Black ministers Black politics https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/a41190549645156ea10f7a7f2fb51902.pdf 5850d6eee97de45ba5269a4624bfcd0a https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/265e267d12d7d56e8c943b09a77d078b.pdf c2bb264f4c785593f45d9a790ae53006 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Postmaster at New Town, Maryland, to the Commander of the Middle Department and 8th Army Corps New Town Md November 14th /64 Dear Sir: I feel it a duty I owe to my Country, to inform you of certain facts, so far as they have come to my knowledge, in District No 1 of Worcester County Md The Methodist Episcopal Church in New Town belonging to the Colored people was burned on the fourth Inst, about three oclock in the morning, I believe, and those I have talked with are of the same opinion, that It was set on fire by Secessionists or some one hired by them. The Colored peoples private property is threatend also to be destroyed. In the same District near Sandy Hill, Major Allen (a Colored Man) was Shot in the Back (by a white man in the vicinity) for no other purpose it is beleived than for entertaining a coloured Soldier at his house Union Mens lives have been threatened in a private manner, and some of them are really affraid that both their lives and property will be destroyed, and have besought me to enterpose for them. In Somerset County within twenty miles from New Town. the Colored peoples Church was burned, It is beleived in like manner, about one month ago. I communicate to you these facts, and the State of Dread that hangs over the minds of union men in some parts of the District, hoping you will timely give us protection. I make this communication in the most private manner, not even my own family being apprized of my intention. I remain Truly yours, James Murray James Murray to Major Genl. Wallace, 14 Nov. 1864, filed with M-1932 1864, Letters Received, ser. 12, RG 94 [K-4]. When "Liberia" church in Annamessex, Somerset County, had been burned in October 1864, the Reverend Adam Wallace, presiding elder of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Delaware and the eastern shore of Maryland, had provided information regarding the perpetrators to the military authorities, who had launched an investigation. However, according to Adams, the investigating officer had left the area without making arrests, leaving Adams and other unionists "in the lurch, with the Devil and Annamessex rebels triumphing." Had the army "acted promptly" on that earlier occasion, argued Adams after the church in neighboring Worcester County was torched on the night of November 3, "it would have saved us the chagrin & disgrace we now feel, in the burning of the Col'd M.E. Church at Newtown." Adams believed that in Worcester County it might be possible to obtain justice before the grand jury or magistrates, but in Somerset, where "Jeff Davis & his friends reign supreme," the military authorities should require the "secesh" to rebuild the church ("or three of them"). (Adam Wallace to Rev. T. L. Poulson, 9 Nov. 1864, filed with M-1932 1864, Letters Received, ser. 12, RG 94 [K-4].) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postmaster at New Town reporting on the burning of Black churches and attacks on Black residents and their property Description An account of the resource James Murray (postmaster, New Town MD) to Maj. Gen. Wallace reporting on the burning of the Black M.E. Church in Worchester County. Another Black chuirch burned in Somerset Co. See C-4141 for another letter from Murray. File includes a massive number of enclosures, mostly dealing with apprenticeship and illegal enslavement after Maryland passed an emancipation measure in its Constitution of 1864. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/14/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Somerset & Worchester counties, MD https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/9fdc28df7e4473bc6aeae59b07324249.pdf d928e0f1ada7acbd4f1c9f47d8462f88 https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/4fcda871a38e8557dfcf2d9956d86a63.pdf 2fb7f754601a2a67598842862e50df36 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Black Surgeon to the Assistant Secretary of War Washington, D.C., February 8th 1864. Hon. C. A. Dana, Assistant Secretary of War. Sir, I have the honor to report that your request of this date to forward to the Department an account of the outrage committed upon me by the Conductor of Car No. 32, of the City Railway Co., last week, has been received, and the following are the facts connected therewith:— I had been summoned to attend a Court Martial as a witness in the case of Private Geo: Taylor, who was charged with causing the death of a colored man last August, the said colored man having died in the hospital of which I was at the time in Charge. I started from my lodgings at the corner of 14th and I Streets, on the morning of Feb. 1st for the purpose of proceeding to the hospital in order to obtain some notes relative to the case. As my time was short, and it was raining very hard at the time, I hailed the car which was passing just as I came out of the door, and it was stopped for me; but as I was in the act of entering, the conductor informed me that I would have to ride on the front with the driver. I told him I would not, and asked him why I could not ride inside. He stated that it was against the rules for colored persons to ride inside. I attempted to enter the car, and he pulled me out and ejected me from the platform. The consequence was I had to walk the whole distance through rain and mud, and was considerably detained past the hour for my attendance at Court. On my arrival, I reported the case to the Court, and the President, Col. J. H. Willetts informed me that I must make my statement in writing. On the next morning I handed in my written statement, and was informed on the adjournment of the Court, that action had been taken in the matter, by forwarding my statement to the Adjutant General. There are persons living in the neighbourhood who saw the transaction and who can corroborate my assertions. Trusting that something may speedily be done to remedy such evils as those we are now forced to submit to. I have the honor to be. Your Obedt Servant, A T Augusta Surgeon 7th Regt U.S.C.T. Surgeon A. T. Augusta to Hon. C. A. Dana, 8 Feb. 1864, Records Concerning Medical Personnel, ser. 561, Medical Records, Record & Pension Office, RG 94 [KK-1]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Surgeon Alexander Augusta reports on his ejection from a segregated streetcar in Washington D.C. Description An account of the resource Surgeon Alexander Augusta describes his ejection from a streetcar for being Black. "I attempted to enter the car, and he pulled me out and ejected me from the platform. The consequence was I had to walk the whole distance through rain and mud, and was considerably detained past the hour for my attendance at Court." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/8/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Washington, D.C. Black leaders (doctors) Black officer segregation https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/1324b7c20b274953cdf012ba6d3f1088.pdf b5d459d7383028fa70c5cc704614616a https://fssp.artinterp2.org/files/original/2f792ff7d6266784789aefc29919592b.pdf 835bcbd4165453bb2c32bae5484956fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Parallel Politics Description An account of the resource This collection highlights Black political activity and organizing from outside formal institutional politics. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Maryland Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource The Freedmen and Southern Society Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Maryland Soldier to the Headquarters of the Third Separate Brigade; Headquarters of the Third Separate Brigade to the Soldier; Headquarters of the Middle Department and Eighth Army Corps to the Commander of the Third Separate Brigade; and Commander of the Third Separate Brigade to the Headquarters of the Middle Department and Eighth Army Corps Salisbury Md Dec 2nd 1864 General, I have the honor to report the investigation of the burning of the Colored people's Church in Quantico district Somerset Co. Md by disloyal persons, The case is a follows: A few months since the Church was burned, the colored people, however, went to work & by means of contributions from loyal whites & themselves succeeded in raising a sufficient amount to erect a plank tent, and in a few days that too was fired & burned down. Finding this to be the case & being unable to detect the guilty parties, I ascertained the probable value (about one thousand dollars) of the two buildings, for the purpose of taxing a sufficient amount of rebel property to repair the damage. The accompanying list shows the names, probable value of property, & proportionate tax, required of each influential disloyal citizen of the district. Stringent action in this & similar cases would most likely secure the co-operation of the disloyal with the loyal citizens in opposing rather than encouraging like outrages. The civil authorities being (like the perpetrators) disloyal[l] would were the case referred to them, in all probability ignore it, in view of which, I would most respectfully recommend that Levin D. Collier Deputy Provost Marshal of Somerset County be authorized to enforce collection & repair damages, This (in my judgment) being the most feasible course I most respectfully refer it to your consideration and have the honor to be Your Obedient Servant J Emory Mobray Lieut, 1st E.S. Md. Vol, Brig, Gen, Lockwood Comdg 3rd Sept, Brig, 8, A,C, Baltimore Md, Head Quarters 3rd Sep. Brig 8th A.C. Baltimore Dec 2nd 1864 Lieut. J. E. Mobray Salisbury M[d], You will remain at Salisbury until further orders. Suspend action in the church burning cases until Genl. Lockwoods arrival. James C. Mullikin Lt. & AAA,G, Head Quarters, Middle Department, 8th Army Corps, Baltimore, December 2nd 1864. Brig. Genl. Lockwood is hereby directed to proceed to the Eastern Shore, Md and take measures to ascertain the value of the churches burnt at Newtown, Worcester Co, and Quantico Somerset Co, and assess the same upon the disaffected and disloyal citizens in the vicinity of said churches: the money when collected to be handed over to the Trustees or other authorized persons of the respective churches— The method of the assessment will be the same as in the case of Ishmael Day– General Lockwood is hereby directed to make such details from the regular Troops as he may require to execute this order— By command of Major General Wallace Saml B Lawrence A.A.G. To Brig. Gen. Lockwood Com'dg 3rd Separate Brigade Head Quarters 3rd Sep. Brig. 8th A.C. Baltimore, Dec. 15th 1864 Lt. Col Lawrence A. A. G. 8th A.C. In compliance of orders from Depmt. Hd. Qrs. dated Dec. 2nd 1864 I forthwith sent Co. "C" 11th U.S. Infty. Lt. Smith Comdg. & Co. "C" 8th U.S. Infty. Lt. Aiken Comdg. to Salisbury Md, by rail, and, on the following Monday, joined them in person. I immediately took counsel with the leading union citizens of Somerset Co., as to the proper persons to assess for the church at Quantico and the amount of damages. A list of some thirty-five (35) persons was made out from whom a collection of $1000 should be made. I dispatched Lt. Aiken with Co. "C" 8th Infty. to Quantico, to execute the order of the Maj. Genl. Comdg. with instructions a copy of which is herewith enclosed. Lt. Aiken reported in person to me at Salisbury, & informed me that he had executed the order and had arrested and sent to Baltimore one J. Radish against whom suspicions rested of having received hire for burning said church. [I] directed Lt. A. to forward his Company by steamer "Star" to Cambridge and proceed in person to the same place after winding up his business at Quantico, and to make me a final and complete report in writing accompanied with a receipt from the Rev. A. Wallace, for the money. At the same time I ordered Lt. Smith with his company ("C" 11th Infty.) to Newtown, and went there in person. After due consideration and evidence, both as to the value of the burnt church and the rebels upon whom the tax should fall, I furnished Lt. Smith with a full list with the amounts affixed to each name and left him engaged in collecting, with orders to pay the same over to Rev. A. Wallace, Presiding Elder, and to forward his receipts to me with a full report. He is now engaged on that duty. I directed Lt. Smith after executing his orders at Newtown to proceed to "Liberia Church" in Annamessex Dist. and levy a tax on the disloyalists in that vicinity, for the church there burnt, to collect the same and dispose of the money as in the other cases, & to report to me with receipts enclosed. I remain Very Respectfully Your Obd't. Servt, Henry H. Lockwood Brig. Genl. Lieut J Emory Mobray to Brig, Gen, Lockwood, 2 Dec. 1864, Letters Received, ser. 4921, 3rd Sep. Brigade, 8th AC, RG 393 Pt. 2 No. 319 [C-8877]; Lt. James C. Mullikin to Lieut. J. E. Mobray, 2 Dec. 1864, vol 69 8AC, p. 76, Press Copies of Telegrams Sent, ser. 2334, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-8877]; Saml B Lawrence to Brig. Gen. Lockwood, 2 Dec. 1864, Letters Received, ser. 4921, 3rd Sep. Brigade, 8th AC, RG 393 Pt. 2 No. 319 [C-8877]; Brig. Genl. Henry H. Lockwood to Lt. Col Lawrence, 15 Dec. 1864, Letters Received, ser. 2343, Middle Dept. & 8th Army Corps, RG 393 Pt. 1 [C-4199]. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Lt. J.E. Mobray to Brig. Gen. Lockwood recommending taxation of rebel property in order to raise money to rebuild Black churches that were burned in Somerset County. Subsequent order implements recommendation, taxing disloyal and "disaffected" citizens to rebuild burned Black churches. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/2/1864 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Worcester & Somerset Counties, MD Title A name given to the resource Army officials levy a tax on rebel sympathizers to raise money to rebuild Black churches burned down by arsonists Black church church property white opposition to Black churches